Question

there is heavy rainfall in Queensland but the atacama desert is arid

Answer 1

There are three common types of rainfall, all of which occur in the United Kingdom. All have the common theme of air being forced to rise.

As air rises it cools it cannot hold as much moisture as it could when it was warmer. Eventually the rising air reaches a point where it is 100% saturated, in other words it cannot hold any more water. This is called dew point, and it is above this point that condensation occurs.

Condensation is the process by which the water vapour (a gas) held in the air is turned back into water droplets (a liquid), which fall as rain.