three ways the unification of Germany was different from the unification of Italy.
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1. The unification of Germany was relatively easier than that of Italy. Unlike the Italians, the Germans had a Confederation Parliament and a Custom Union (Zollverein) which brought some form of political and economic unity. For the Italians, there was no form of such unity but were instead directly and indirectly dominated by Austria.
2. The actual unification of Italy took a longer period compared to that of the Germans. The first territorial achievement in the Italian unification was in 1859 and it dragged on until 1870 when the Franco-Prussian war broke out. The Germans were only actively involved in three quick wars between 1864 to 1871.
3. Although Cavour and Bismarck played the greatest roles in the two unifications, Bismarck played a much greater role than Cavour. Cavour was assisted by Mazzini who politicized the Italians about the benefits of a united Italy, Garibaldi who liberated Sicily and Naples, and the central states who voted in favor of Piedmont through a referendum. After Cavour's death, Victor Emmanuel II and Garibaldi were the ones who completed the unification. Much as Von roon; Moltke and William I assisted Bismarck, the degree of assistance was less than that of Cavour. In fact, it was through Bismarck's diplomacy, blood, and iron policy Prussia became successful in ousting Denmark, Austria, and France from German territories.
4. There was more foreign assistance in the unification of Italy than that of Germany. The liberation of Italian states was directly or indirectly due to the role of foreign powers. More importantly, the liberation of Venetia and Rome would not have been realized if it was not due to Prussia's role. As far as the Germans were concerned, there was less foreign assistance compared to Italy. The German unification was spearheaded by Bismarck' who manipulated international politics and united Germany on Prussian terms. In other words, he relied more on Prussian's military might in the 3successive wars through which the unification of Germany was achieved.
5. The unification of Italy was achieved at the expense of Nice and Savoy that were given to France as compensation for her assistance in the liberation of Lombardy (in 1859). However, no single state was battered in the German unification. Although Bismarck had promised Napoleon III at the Biarritz Agreement of 1865 some territories along the Rhine, he violated the agreement and refused to cede any German state to France after the war. He instead propagandized and annexed those states to complete the unification of Germany in 1871.
6. The unification of Germany was on Prussian terms and Berlin the capital city of Prussia became the city of a united Germany. But in the unification of Italy, Piedmont with her capital Turin were not considered to be the capital city of a united Italy in 1870. Instead the city of a united Italy was shifted from Turin where it had been declared in 1861 to Rome in 1871.
7. The consequences of the two unifications also differed. The final unification of Italy was relatively peaceful without much bloodshed in 1870. In other words, the liberation ofRome was relatively peaceful because of the favourable circumstances provided by the Franco-Prussian war. Contradictorily, the unification of Germany was achieved by humiliating France in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871.
This destroyed the balance of power that hitherto favoured Britain and France. This created a hostile relationship between France and Germany that led to an arms race and alliance system which disorganized Europe and led to the outbreak of the First World War.
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