various interests entrenched in the constitution
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Rights entrenched in the Constitution
The Constitution, adopted in 1992, amended in 2001:
Article 5: “The State applies a policy of equality, solidarity and mutual support among the various ethnic communities and prohibits all acts of ethnic discrimination and division. The various ethnic communities have the right to use their own language and writing, to preserve their ethnic identity and to nurture their fine customs, traditions and cultures.”
Article 11: “Citizens exercise their rights as masters at the grass-roots level by taking part in state and social affairs. They have the obligation to protect public property and legitimate rights and interests of citizens, to preserve national security and social order and safety and the organization of public life.”
Article 17: “The land, forests, rivers and lakes, water sources, underground natural resources, resources in the territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the air space, capital funds and properties invested by the State in enterprises and projects in the various branches and fields of the economy, culture, social life, science and technology, foreign affairs and national security and defense and other property defined by law as belonging to the State fall under the ownership of the entire people.”
Article 18: “The State assumes the unified administration of land according to overall planning and in conformity with the law and ensures its appropriate and effective use. Land is allocated by the State to organizations and individuals for stable long-term use.
Organizations and individuals who use the land are duty-bound to ensure its protection, replenishment, rational exploitation and economical utilization. They are also entitled by law to transfer the right to use the land allocated by the State.”
Article 21 provides that individual economic entities, small-holders and the private sector are allowed to choose their forms of production and business. The development of household economy is encouraged.
Article 23 states that the legal property of individual or organizations shall not be nationalized.
Article 52 stipulates that all citizens are equal before the law.
Article 58: “Citizens have the right to ownership of lawful income, savings, housing, personal possessions, means of production, capital and other assets in enterprises or in other economic organisations; the right to use the land allocated by the State is provided for in Article 17 and 18. The State protects the citizen’s right to bequeath and to inherit.”
Article 63: “All citizens regardless of their sex have equal rights in all respects, political, economic, cultural, social and in family life. Any discrimination against women and violation of women’s dignity are strictly prohibited.
Women and men receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity benefits.
Women who are public employees or salary-earners are entitled to pre-and post-natal paid leave, as provided by the law.
The State and society create favourable conditions for women to improve their knowledge and competence in all respects and increasingly bring into full play their role in society, ensure the development of maternity homes, paediatric wards, creches, kindergartens and other social welfare facilities in order to lighten women’s workload in the family and create favourable conditions for women’s production, work, study, medical treatment, rest and discharge of the duties of motherhood.”
Article 64: “The State protects marriage and the family. Male and female citizens have the right to marry on the principle of free consent, progressive orientation, monogamy and equality between husband and wife.” (15)
The Constitution, adopted in 1992, amended in 2001:
Article 5: “The State applies a policy of equality, solidarity and mutual support among the various ethnic communities and prohibits all acts of ethnic discrimination and division. The various ethnic communities have the right to use their own language and writing, to preserve their ethnic identity and to nurture their fine customs, traditions and cultures.”
Article 11: “Citizens exercise their rights as masters at the grass-roots level by taking part in state and social affairs. They have the obligation to protect public property and legitimate rights and interests of citizens, to preserve national security and social order and safety and the organization of public life.”
Article 17: “The land, forests, rivers and lakes, water sources, underground natural resources, resources in the territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the air space, capital funds and properties invested by the State in enterprises and projects in the various branches and fields of the economy, culture, social life, science and technology, foreign affairs and national security and defense and other property defined by law as belonging to the State fall under the ownership of the entire people.”
Article 18: “The State assumes the unified administration of land according to overall planning and in conformity with the law and ensures its appropriate and effective use. Land is allocated by the State to organizations and individuals for stable long-term use.
Organizations and individuals who use the land are duty-bound to ensure its protection, replenishment, rational exploitation and economical utilization. They are also entitled by law to transfer the right to use the land allocated by the State.”
Article 21 provides that individual economic entities, small-holders and the private sector are allowed to choose their forms of production and business. The development of household economy is encouraged.
Article 23 states that the legal property of individual or organizations shall not be nationalized.
Article 52 stipulates that all citizens are equal before the law.
Article 58: “Citizens have the right to ownership of lawful income, savings, housing, personal possessions, means of production, capital and other assets in enterprises or in other economic organisations; the right to use the land allocated by the State is provided for in Article 17 and 18. The State protects the citizen’s right to bequeath and to inherit.”
Article 63: “All citizens regardless of their sex have equal rights in all respects, political, economic, cultural, social and in family life. Any discrimination against women and violation of women’s dignity are strictly prohibited.
Women and men receive equal pay for equal work. Women workers are entitled to maternity benefits.
Women who are public employees or salary-earners are entitled to pre-and post-natal paid leave, as provided by the law.
The State and society create favourable conditions for women to improve their knowledge and competence in all respects and increasingly bring into full play their role in society, ensure the development of maternity homes, paediatric wards, creches, kindergartens and other social welfare facilities in order to lighten women’s workload in the family and create favourable conditions for women’s production, work, study, medical treatment, rest and discharge of the duties of motherhood.”
Article 64: “The State protects marriage and the family. Male and female citizens have the right to marry on the principle of free consent, progressive orientation, monogamy and equality between husband and wife.” (15)
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