Way of functioning and usage of the abacus, Pascaline and calculators.
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Pascaline is a direct adding machine (it has no crank), so the value of a number is added to the accumulator as it is being dialed in. By moving a display bar, the operator can see either the number stored in the calculator or the complement of its value.
abacus shows how numbers, letters, and signs can be stored in a binary system on a computer, or via ASCII. The device consists of a series of beads on parallel wires arranged in three separate rows. The beads represent a switch on the computer in either an "on" or "off" positionhis decimal calculating machine, Leibniz conveyed the single steps of solution from calculating in writing systematically into the mechanical process of counting which is conducted by cylindrical rollers with ten different sprockets of different sizes in combination with cogs.