what are different types of errors occurring in measurement? how they are minimized
Answers
Answer:
There are two types of errors, systematic and random. It is important for the surveyor to understand the difference between the two errors in order to minimize them. Systematic errors are caused by the surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain environmental factors.
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Explanation:
3 major types
1. Gross error
2. measurement error
3. blunder
measurement error is further classified into:
1. systematic errors
2. random errors
systematic errors are further classified into:
1. instrumental error
2. environmental error
3. observational error
4. theoretical error
gross error: caused by mistake in instrument (use the correct instrument after verification)
Blunders: are final source of errors and these errors are caused by faulty recording or due to a wrong value while recording a measurement, or misreading a scale or forgetting a digit while reading a scale.
measurement error: variation of the measurement of of the true value
Systematic Errors
The Systematic errors that occur due to fault in the measuring device are known as systematic errors. Usually they are called as Zero Error – a positive or negative error. These errors can be detached by correcting the measurement device.
Instrumental Errors
Instrumental errors occur due to wrong construction of the measuring instruments. These errors may occur due to hysteresis or friction. These types of errors include loading effect and misuse of the instruments. In order to reduce the gross errors in measurement, different correction factors must be applied and in the extreme condition instrument must be recalibrated carefully.
Environmental Errors
The environmental errors occur due to some external conditions of the instrument. External conditions mainly include pressure, temperature, humidity or due to magnetic fields. In order to reduce the environmental errors
Try to maintain the humidity and temperature constant in the laboratory by making some arrangements.
Ensure that there shall not be any external electrostatic or magnetic field around the instrument.
Observational Errors
As the name suggests, these types of errors occurs due to wrong observations or reading in the instruments particularly in case of energy meter reading. The wrong observations may be due to PARALLAX. In order to reduce the PARALLAX error highly accurate meters are needed: meters provided with mirror scales.
Theoretical Errors
Theoretical errors are caused by simplification of the model system. For example, a theory states that the temperature of the system surrounding will not change the readings taken when it actually does, then this factor will begin a source of error in measurement.
Random Errors
Random errors are caused by the sudden change in experimental conditions and noise and tiredness in the working persons. These errors are either positive or negative. An example of the random errors is during changes in humidity, unexpected change in temperature and fluctuation in voltage. These errors may be reduced by taking the average of a large number of readings.