What are the 1st and 2nd line of defence of plant against pathogens?
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The first line of defence (or outside defencesystem) includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, 'friendly' bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.
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The first and second lines of defences in plants are a combination of mechanical and chemical barriers to protect them from being damaged or eaten:
i) Presence of waxy cuticles to reduce surface absorption of harmful chemicals.
ii) Thorns, pricks and spines to evade predators.
iii) Formation of galls or apoptosis of plants cells to prevent the spread of infections.
iv) Antimicrobial agents like saponins that are stored in plant vacuoles.
v) Secretion of essential oils with antimicrobial properties.
vi) Defensins secreted by germinating seeds block pathogen growth.
vii) Resins and tannins have antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
viii) Sticky gums that can kill pathogens and also protect the cut areas of plants.
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