What are the features of Indian constitution? 12 class . Political science . class 12
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
. Lengthiest constitution
It is the lengthiest and the longest constitution in the world. It has 395 Articles and 12 Schedules. Also, about 90 Articles have been added since 1951 and there have been more than 100 Amendments.
But, as the Articles are not separately added but as a part of an existing Article, the total number of Articles remain the same.
Learn more about Fundamental Rights and Duties
2. Drawn from Different Sources
The basis of the basic structure such as Federal scheme, Judiciary, Governors, Emergency powers, Public Service Commissions, Administrative details, etc. are from the Government of India Act,1935.
Similarly, the fundamental rights are from the American constitution, Directive Principles from the Irish Constitution and the Cabinet form of government is from the British Constitution.
Also, it adopts various provisions from the Constitutions of Canada, Australia, Germany, USSR, and France.
3. Federal System and Unitary Features
The federal features of governance are a dual system of government i.e. center and states, the division of powers between the executive, judiciary and legislature which are the three organs of the state, Supremacy of the Constitution, independent Judiciary and bicameralism.
The Indian constitution contains all these features. Thus, it is a federal system.
But, it also contains many unitary features such as a strong center, All India Services common to the center and the states, emergency provisions that can modify the Constitution into a unitary one, the appointment of Governors by the President on the advice of the center, etc.
Article 1 of the Indian constitution clearly mentions that India is a “Union of states”.
Therefore, this makes the Indian Constitution a federal system with unitary features.
4. Parliamentary Form of Government
The Indian Constitution chose the Parliamentary form of government. In a Parliamentary form of government executive is part of the legislature and there is a collective responsibility of the council of ministers to the legislature.
Also, there exists majority party rule and the Prime Minister is the leader of the country and the Chief Minister is the leader in the state.
5. Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy
The Indian Constitution has a proper balance between Parliamentary sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review vide Articles 13, 32 and 136.
Thus, it can cancel any Parliamentary law as unconstitutional. On the other hand, the Parliament has the authority to make laws and also amend the major portion of the Constitution vide Article 368.
6. Independent and Integrated Judicial System
As per the Indian constitution, a single system of judiciary prevails in India. The Supreme Court is at the top, the High Courts at the state level and district and other subordinate courts are below and are subject to the supervision of the High Courts.
Also, all the levels of courts have a duty of enforcing central as well as state laws.
7. Directive Principles
The Directive Principles of State Policies in Part IV of the Constitution intends to make India a welfare state. The Directive Principles are not enforceable by the courts for their violation.
However, it is a moral obligation of the state to apply these principles in making laws.
8. Rigid and Flexible
The Indian Constitution is a combination or a blend of rigidity and flexibility.
As per Article 368, some provisions can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament i.e. a 2/3rd majority of the members of each House present and voting and majority which is more than 50 percent of the total membership of each House.
Answer:
Explanation:
INTRODUCTION
The Constitution of India is a unique constitution. It is the largest written liberal
democratic constitution of the world. It provides for a mixture of federalism and
Unitarianism, and flexibility and with rigidity. Since its inauguration on 26th
January 1950, the Constitution India has been successfully guiding the path and
progress of India. Each and every institution functions according to certain basic
rules. State is a political institution. The basic rules of the state are called
constitution. As a citizen of India and the student of political science every person
should know about the constitution. It make the learners enlightened citizen of
this country.
The constitution of India is made by constituent Assembly. According to the cabinet
Mission plan, the legislative Assemblies of the provinces were to elect their
representatives to the constituent Assembly. Total members of the constituent
Assemblies were 389.Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the
constituent Assembly. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru moved the objective Resolution which
reflected the ideals and philosophy that shaped the Indian constitution. The constituent
Assembly completed the work in two years eleven months and eighteen days. From
26th January 1950 constitution of India came in force. Hence, 26th January is celebrated
as the Republic day.
BASIC FEATURES :
The basic rules for the behaviour of members of a state are called the constitution of
the state. In India it is the highest law of the land, constitution establishes rule of law
and give political stability to the state. The constitution of India is both evolved and
enacted. It is evolved out of various Acts made during the British period. It is enacted
and prepared by the constituent Assembly. The constituent Assembly was composed as
per the cabinet mission Plan. Its first session began in 19415. Dr. Rajendra Prasad with
the chairman of the constituent Assembly, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the
Drafting committee. The constituent Assembly prepared the constitution in two years
eleven months and eighteen days. In its original form, the constitution had 395 Articles
and & 8 schedules. Now it has 397 Articles and 12 schedules.
Salient Features of the constitution are as follows:
1. Lengthiest constitution in the world.
2. Sovereignty resides in the people
3. Parliamentary form of Government.
4. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility.
5. Fundamental Rights.
6. Directive principles of the state policy.
7. Quasi – federal in nature.
8. Adult suffrage.
9. Independence of Judiciary
10. Judicial Review.
11. Fundamental duties
12. Sovereign.
13. Democracy.
14. Republic.
15. Secular.
16. Single citizenship.
17. Uniformity in Basic Administration.
18. Revolutionary.
19. Lawyer’s paradise.
20. Judicial Review and parliament sovereignty.
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