Question

What hints about the social and administrative system can be obtained from the ruins of the Harappan cities?

Answer 1

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After 700 years the Harappan cities began to decline. This is generally attributed to the invasion of a foreign people. However, it now believed by Kenoyer and many other archaeologists that the decline of the Indus cities was a result of many factors, such as overextended political and economic networks, and the drying up major rivers. These all contributed to the rise of a new social order.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

The Harappan Civilisation was the most vastly spread of the 3 early civilisations of the "ancient world", along with Ancient Mesopotamia & Egypt, and had existed through its early years of 3300-1300 BCE,

Explanation:

• There has been no particular findings to conform about the people ruled during that period. Nevertheless, there are signs/indications that there was present a "systematic administration". The uniformity of Harappan artifacts is evident in seals, pottery, bricks, &  weights with standardised sizes & weights, and suggest some form of "authority & governance".
• There a different hypotheses on Harappan administration or the structure of rules have been established over time. The first is that, from the similarities of artifacts, proof of planned settlements, the uniform brick size ratio, and the obvious establishment of settlements close to suppliers of raw material, there was one state comprising all the communities of the civilisation.
• The other hypothesis suggests that there was not a single chief, but a variety of them, including Mohenjo-daro, Harapa, and others, serving each urban centre. Finally, experts theorized that the civilization of the Indus Valley does not have rulers, as we understand them, everyone having the same status.
• Another hypotheses was the social system of Harappans was fairly egalitarian (equality & equal rights). The archaeological record offers practically no evidence of  kings, armies,  prisons,  social conflict,  slaves, & negative traits which is traditionally associated with early civilisations. Hence, a more egalitarian "system of governance" may have been practiced.
• Another hypotheses is that, as the society had grown in numbers , people had adopted the system of"governance". Ruins shows they perhaps had "head man" who used to take all the decisions of all kinds including decision on issues related to "sharing of space" & "infighting" amongst people
• They, perhaps, must have then devised a system of protecting their area from outsiders by uniting amongst themselves & fighting off people outside their community. It is possible that this would have led to "maintaining an army" under the leadership of "someone" who had become the ultimate "ruler & protector"
• The last hypothesis now appears more probable, considering that it is impossible that the entire group might have made these complicated decisions together and adopted them.
• While the presence of a caste system in ancient Harappa is under question, many archeologists have theoretical that a hierarchical social structure was in place. The architectural style of the fortified cities confirms this opinion. "In Harappa one part of the population was divided from the other by walls demonstrating clearly how the caste system was then.
• The main "social classes" of the civilisation are the Gods, Brahmins (priests & academics), Kshatryia (kings & warriors), Vaishya (landowners & merchants), Sudra (peasants, commoners,peasants, and servants).
• The Harappan people were widely suggested to worship a mother goddess who was a symbol of fertility. Contrary to the civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, Harappan civilisation seemed to lack temples/palaces that clearly demonstrated religious rituals or specific deities. Some of the Indus Seals show a Swastika symbol, including Hinduism, Buddhism & Jainism, which is included in later Indian religions.
• A "stone statue" was labelled and continues to be known as the “priest-king”. This is because archaeologists were familiar with Mesopotamian history and its “priest-kings” and have found parallels in the Indus region.
• Archeologists typically use such techniques to assess if a single individual has social or economic distinctions. These include studying burials.The dead were usually laid in burial pits  in Harappan. At times, the way the burial pit was made varies – at times, the hollowed-out spaces were were lined with bricks.
• The study of objects that archaeologists typically recognize as utility and luxury is another method for the detection of social differences. These include objects made of common materials such as stone or clay fairly easily by daily use. Those include sequins, pottery, hair, rubbers of flesh-rubbers or body scrubbers, etc., are usually found in all settlements. Archaeologists conclude the artifacts are uncommon or made from luxury  if they are rare or made from costly,non-local or Therefore, small faience pots were presumably considered to be expensive because they were hard to produce.  

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