Question

what is +I effect? explain

Answer 1

Answer:

In chemistry, the inductive effect is experimentally observed to have an effect of the transmission of unequal sharing of the bonding electron through a chain of atoms in a molecule, leading to a permanent dipole in a bond. It is present in a σ (sigma) bond as opposed to electromeric effect which is present on a π (pi) bond. All halides are electron withdrawing groups, and all alkyls are electron donating. If the electronegative atom (missing an electron, thus having a positive charge) is then joined to a chain of atoms, usually carbon, the positive charge is relayed to the other atoms in the chain. This is the electron-withdrawing inductive effect, also known as the -I effect. In short, alkyl groups tend to donate electrons, leading to the +I effect.

Explanation:

However, some groups, such as the alkyl group, are less electron-withdrawing than hydrogen and are therefore considered as electron-releasing. This is electron-releasing character and is indicated by the +I effect. In short, alkyl groups tend to give electrons, leading to induction effect. However, such an effect has been questioned.

increasing order of +I effect, as follows:

–NH3+ > –NO2 > –SO2R > –CN > –SO3H > –CHO > –CO > –COOH > -F > –COCl > -CONH2 > –Cl > –Br > –I > –OR > -OH > -NR2 > –NH2 > –C6H5 > –CH=CH2 > –H

AND C-H < C-D < C-T in increasing order of +I effect, where H is Hydrogen and D is Deuterium and T is Tritium ,all are isotopes of hydrogen.

The strength of inductive effect is also dependent on the distance between the substituent group and the main group that react; the greater the distance, the weaker the effect.

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