What is the need for measurement of environment?
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No metrics were necessary to recognize a problem when the Cuyahoga River caught fire in Cleveland. Likewise, any casual observer would realize that something is wrong with the Aral Sea, where commercial fishing vessels lie stranded in their ports dozens of kilometers inland. In both cases, shortsighted human behavior led to dire, readily detectable environmental consequences.
The problem with relying on such blatant evidence is that environmental deterioration becomes critical before a response is even contemplated, let alone implemented. Rather than wait for disasters to happen, one would prefer to avoid problems in the first place. This, however, requires the ability to predict the environmental consequences of human activities, avoid activities with unacceptable impacts, and document the environmental consequences of other activities. Any sophisticated attempt to predict and detect the environmental impact of human activities requires appropriate measurement methods.
Since the modern environmental movement picked up steam in the 1960s, we as a society have effectively addressed some of the most obvious or straightforward environmental effects of human activities. Gasoline sold in the United States no longer contains lead, hence, there is less lead in the air. One rarely sees a belching smokestack. The Cuyahoga River, much cleaner now, is not likely to catch fire again.
The problem with relying on such blatant evidence is that environmental deterioration becomes critical before a response is even contemplated, let alone implemented. Rather than wait for disasters to happen, one would prefer to avoid problems in the first place. This, however, requires the ability to predict the environmental consequences of human activities, avoid activities with unacceptable impacts, and document the environmental consequences of other activities. Any sophisticated attempt to predict and detect the environmental impact of human activities requires appropriate measurement methods.
Since the modern environmental movement picked up steam in the 1960s, we as a society have effectively addressed some of the most obvious or straightforward environmental effects of human activities. Gasoline sold in the United States no longer contains lead, hence, there is less lead in the air. One rarely sees a belching smokestack. The Cuyahoga River, much cleaner now, is not likely to catch fire again.
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Revealed Preference Methods for Measuring Values 151 ..... environmental services correctly, and that create the need for economic
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