What is the symmetry element for translational symmetry operation?
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- Inversion, that is (x, y, z) is translated to (-x, -y, -z). If an object has this symmetry element, it is said to be centrosymmetric(det er sentrosymmetrisk). - Rotation axis, a rotation axis is two fold, three fold etc.
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Condensed phases may be liquids as well as solids. There are fundamental differences
between liquids and solids regarding the long-range distribution of atoms. While liquids have
long range disorder in a large scale, solids are mainly ordered, i.e. there is regularity in the
repetition of structural fragments (atoms and/or groups of atoms) in the 3 dimensional
material. Surfaces of solid materials are often somewhat differently organized than the “bulk”
(i.e. the inner part of the material). The atomic (structural) arrangement near the surface will
often be different from the bulk arrangement due to surface reconstruction in order to
minimize the energy loss associated with complete chemical bonding in all actual directions.
Liquids are disordered in bulk, but they often have an ordered surface structure.
Solids do not need to display systematic long-range order, i.e. to be crystalline. Some phases
can be prepared as amorphous materials, e.g. glasses. They may be made crystallized by a
suitable temperature treatment. A few phases exist which are only known in an amorphous
state.
In order to si
between liquids and solids regarding the long-range distribution of atoms. While liquids have
long range disorder in a large scale, solids are mainly ordered, i.e. there is regularity in the
repetition of structural fragments (atoms and/or groups of atoms) in the 3 dimensional
material. Surfaces of solid materials are often somewhat differently organized than the “bulk”
(i.e. the inner part of the material). The atomic (structural) arrangement near the surface will
often be different from the bulk arrangement due to surface reconstruction in order to
minimize the energy loss associated with complete chemical bonding in all actual directions.
Liquids are disordered in bulk, but they often have an ordered surface structure.
Solids do not need to display systematic long-range order, i.e. to be crystalline. Some phases
can be prepared as amorphous materials, e.g. glasses. They may be made crystallized by a
suitable temperature treatment. A few phases exist which are only known in an amorphous
state.
In order to si
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