Question

what kind of management and management theories prevail in school?​

Answer 1

Answer:

1. Pre-Scientific Management Theories:

If we look at recorded history, a number of monumental examples of management can be traced. The Sumerian civilisation, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek and Roman civilizations represent significant practices in management.

They represent management concepts that helped in smooth administration of these civilizations. Though famous even today, they do not provide significant information about the way these civilizations were managed.

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These concepts did not provide important insight into management of business (or economic) institutions. No important techniques were available to solve organisational problems until the end of 15th century. It was in 1494 that the technique of double entry book-keeping was introduced to maintain financial records of the business. In 1800s, management theories developed as a systematic field of knowledge. Until formal management theories developed, pre-scientific management theories contributed to the management thought.

Contribution made by some of the management thinkers is as follows:

1. Charles Babbage:

One of the early British thinkers on management, Babbage, was the forerunner of scientific management. His work was closely related to that of Adam Smith (an economist), as he emphasised on work measurement, cost determination, bonus plans and profit sharing specialisation (dividing the work into various jobs) to increase managerial efficiency. His findings are also reflected in Taylor’s scientific management. He introduced methods like work measurement, cost determination, bonus plans and profit sharing to improve industrial productivity.