Question

what was the self governing village communities called before the arrival of Portuguese​

Answer 1

Answer:

Codified by the Portuguese

Some scholars argue that the term gaunkari is derived from the name for those who compose it, that is the gaunkar; i.e. those who make (kar) the gaun or village. This institution pre-existed the arrival of the Portuguese, but was codified by them.

Answer 2

Answer:

here's your answer

The Comunidades of Goa were a form of land association developed in Goa, India, where land-ownership was collectively held, but controlled by the male descendants of those who claimed to be the founders of the village, who in turn mostly belonged to upper caste groups........Documented by the Portuguese as of 1526, it was the predominant form of landholding in Goa prior to 1961......In form, it is similar to many other rural agricultural peoples' form of landholding,[4] such as that of pre-Spanish Bolivia[5] and the Puebloan peoples now in the Southwestern United States,...identified by Karl Marx as the dualism of rural communities: the existence of collective land ownership together with private production on the land......

Explanation:

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