When did Harvey write "Movement of Heart"?
Answers
Leonardo moved slowly from the accepted theories learned by Marcantonio de La Torre to his new ideas, based on his own experiments. He writes, “the heart is a muscle which contracts spontaneously.” He understands that the aorta provides blood, calor, and energy to all the body through the arterial blood which goes up to the skin trough the capillaries. He examined in detail the bronchi up to their smaller ramifications, noting that each of them is accompanied by a small branch of the pulmonary artery (Figure 2A). On the basis of these observations, he hypothesized that the bronchial arteries receive freshness from the bronchi, full of air, and that the venous blood receives freshness in the lung, before returning to the heart. He studied in detail the anatomy of the coronary artery and veins, coming to the conclusion that the heart feeds itself ....
He noted that both atria contract when the ventricles dilate, explaining the movement of blood from the atria to the ventricles. The right atrium and ventricle are larger than those on the left.
Having a special interest in hydraulic engineering, Leonardo studied the anatomy of the cardiac valves which “…are covered by endocardium at the top and muscles on the bottom…” He concluded that all 4 valves should open and close completely, otherwise the heart will not function adequately, with regurgitation of blood in the atria from the ventricles.
Interestingly enough, after the collaboration with scientists in Pavia, a series of new theories about blood circulation were elaborated on in that University by Realdo Colombo and Andrea Cisalpino. Those theories were further elaborated by Fabrizio Acquapendente in the neighboring University of Padua and almost kept secret. William Harvey, a young student from Cambridge, studied in Padua, as an assistant to Fabrizio Acquapendente. He graduated in 1602, before returning to London
Answer : In 1608, Harvey wrote "Movement of Heart".
Explanation :
Harvey was born at Folkestone, Kent, England, April 1, 1578. He received the degree of Medical Doctor from the University of Padua, Italy in 1602. After his return to England he became Fellow of the College of Physicians, physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Lumleian lecturer at the College of Physicians. In 1618, Harvey was appointed physician extraordinary to James I, and he remained in close professional relations to the royal family. In Harvey’s later life, he suffered from gout, kidney stones, and insomnia. In 1651, following the publication of his final work, Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (Exercises on the Generation of Animals), it is believed that Harvey attempted to take his own life with laudanum (an alcoholic tincture of opium). He died on June 3, 1657, at age 79. His last contribution was a book on the growth and development of the young animals entitled "De Generatione Animalium", published in 1651.
Harvey focused much of his research on the mechanics of blood flow in the human body. Most physicians of the time felt that the lungs were responsible for moving the blood around throughout the body. Harvey's famous "Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus", commonly referred to as "de Motu Cordis" was published in Latin at Frankfurt in 1628, when Harvey was 50 years old. The first English translation did not appear until two decades later.
Harvey, observing the notion of the heart in living animals, was able to see that systole was the active phase of the heart's movement, pumping out the blood by its muscular contraction. Having perceived that the quantity of blood issuing from the heart in any given time was too much to be absorbed by the tissues, he was able to show that the valves in the veins permit the blood to flow only in the direction of the heart and to prove that the blood circulated around the body and returned to the heart. Fabricius, his teacher in Padua, had discovered the valves in the veins.
William Harvey was born at home in Folkestone, in the county of Kent in southeast England, on April 1, 1578. His father, Thomas Harvey, was from Folkestone and was a prosperous yeoman (later a Levant Company merchant). His mother, whose maiden name was Joane Halke, was originally from Hastingleigh, Kent. Thomas and Joane Kent also had six other sons, five of whom were important merchants in London and one that was a member of parliament for Hythe.
At the age of ten, William Harvey attended King's School in Canterbury. After six years of grammar school at King's School, at the age of 16, Harvey was awarded a medical scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. This medical scholarship, founded by Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first such scholarship in England for which preference was given to Kentish Men (Robb-Smith 1971). Harvey was admitted to Gonville and Caius College on May 31, 1593 (Booth 2001). He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1597.
John Caius, who refounded Caius college before Harvey’s time, used to advise his students to seek some part of their medical education abroad: Like him (Copeman 1971), Harvey went on to the celebrated center for European medical instruction, the University of Padua, after spending some time traveling through France and Germany (Booth 2001). The University of Padua had been attended by Copernicus almost a century before and Galileo was teaching there at the time Harvey was in attendance, but there is no evidence that Galileo and Harvey ever met (Booth 2001). At the University of Padua, Harvey studied under Hieronymus Fabricius of Aquapendente, a great anatomist, and the Aristotelian philosopher Cesare Cremonini. He graduated as a doctor on April 25, 1602.
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