write 10 points about Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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Answer:
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Explanation:
The following are 10 facts about the Treaty of Versailles:
1. There are 15 parts and 440 articles in the treaty. While most of the document addresses Germany, there are also parts pertaining to prisoners of wars and graves and the creation of an international labor organization.
2. The United States was not a signatory. Despite President Woodrow Wilson’s role in the conference and his intense efforts to win the support of the American public, the Senate voted to reject the treaty in November 1919, due in part to reservations regarding potential involvement in European affairs as outlined in the League of Nations covenant.
3. The now infamous “war guilt clause” (Article 231) did not blame Germany for causing World War I. Carefully written by the young John Foster Dulles, later Eisenhower’s secretary of state, the article assigned responsibility to Germany and its allies for all damage caused by the war, with Article 232 recognizing that the amount paid would be restricted due to limited German resources.
4. Several countries threatened not to sign the treaty. Italy briefly walked out of the conference over territory promised by the British and French during the war. Japan stated that they would not be able to sign unless given all the former German possessions in East Asia. Belgium, who argued their country suffered most during the war, was angry over their desired reparations payments. In the end, however, all three signed.
5. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles concluded the most crucial period of the Paris Peace Conference. Although treaties with the remaining Central Powers had yet to be signed, the key decisions that affected events over the next several years had been made.6. The location of the signing was deliberately selected. The Hall of Mirrors, where the signing took place, had also witnessed the crowning of Wilhelm I as king of a unified Germany in 1871. Now, in June 1919, it was the Germans’ turn to be humbled before both the French and the world.
7. The covenant of the League of Nations is the treaty’s first part. Even before arriving in Paris, Woodrow Wilson held his Fourteen Points, but especially the League of Nations, as his most important objective at the conference. Wilson’s insistence on the League’s inclusion in the Treaty of Versailles forced him to compromise with Allied leaders on other points.
8. The Treaty of Versailles was only the first of five treaties signed between the Allies and former Central Powers. Due to the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain on September 10, 1919, and Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920. Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Neuilly on November 27, 1919. It took the Allies two treaties to finally make peace with the former Ottoman Empire. First, the Treaty of Sevres, which was rejected by Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kamal (later Ataturk), and then the Treaty of Lausanne which recognized the new nation of Turkey.
9. The primary negotiators of the treaty were Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Vittorio Orlando. Known as the “Big Four” and representing the United States, Great Britain, France and Italy, they met in closed-door sessions to make all major decisions which were later ratified by the full conference assembly.
10. China was the only nation present at Paris that did not sign the treaty. Having unsuccessfully argued for the return of the Shantung Peninsula, a German colony seized by Japan during the war, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the treaty and left feeling betrayed by the West.
1. There are 15 parts and 440 articles in the treaty. While most of the document addresses Germany, there are also parts pertaining to prisoners of wars and graves and the creation of an international labor organization.
2. The United States was not a signatory. Despite President Woodrow Wilson’s role in the conference and his intense efforts to win the support of the American public, the Senate voted to reject the treaty in November 1919, due in part to reservations regarding potential involvement in European affairs as outlined in the League of Nations covenant.
3. The now infamous “war guilt clause” (Article 231) did not blame Germany for causing World War I. Carefully written by the young John Foster Dulles, later Eisenhower’s secretary of state, the article assigned responsibility to Germany and its allies for all damage caused by the war, with Article 232 recognizing that the amount paid would be restricted due to limited German resources.
4. Several countries threatened not to sign the treaty. Italy briefly walked out of the conference over territory promised by the British and French during the war. Japan stated that they would not be able to sign unless given all the former German possessions in East Asia. Belgium, who argued their country suffered most during the war, was angry over their desired reparations payments. In the end, however, all three signed.
5. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles concluded the most crucial period of the Paris Peace Conference. Although treaties with the remaining Central Powers had yet to be signed, the key decisions that affected events over the next several years had been made.
6. The location of the signing was deliberately selected. The Hall of Mirrors, where the signing took place, had also witnessed the crowning of Wilhelm I as king of a unified Germany in 1871. Now, in June 1919, it was the Germans’ turn to be humbled before both the French and the world.
7. The covenant of the League of Nations is the treaty’s first part. Even before arriving in Paris, Woodrow Wilson held his Fourteen Points, but especially the League of Nations, as his most important objective at the conference. Wilson’s insistence on the League’s inclusion in the Treaty of Versailles forced him to compromise with Allied leaders on other points.
8. The Treaty of Versailles was only the first of five treaties signed between the Allies and former Central Powers. Due to the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain on September 10, 1919, and Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920. Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Neuilly on November 27, 1919. It took the Allies two treaties to finally make peace with the former Ottoman Empire. First, the Treaty of Sevres, which was rejected by Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kamal (later Ataturk), and then the Treaty of Lausanne which recognized the new nation of Turkey.
9. The primary negotiators of the treaty were Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Vittorio Orlando. Known as the “Big Four” and representing the United States, Great Britain, France and Italy, they met in closed-door sessions to make all major decisions which were later ratified by the full conference assembly.
10. China was the only nation present at Paris that did not sign the treaty. Having unsuccessfully argued for the return of the Shantung Peninsula, a German colony seized by Japan during the war, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the treaty and left feeling betrayed by the West.