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- Evolution of Agriculture
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Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have made great strides in the past century. The Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selective breeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement.
9500 BCE :-(Earliest evidence for domesticated wheat) Identifying the exact origin of agriculture remains problematic because the transition from huntergatherer societies began thousands of years before the invention of writing. Nonetheless, archaeobotanists/paleoethnobotanists have traced the selection and cultivation of specific food plant characteristics, such as a semi-tough rachis and larger seeds, to just after the Younger Dryas (about 9,500 BC) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. There is earlier evidence for use of wild cereals: anthropological and archaeological evidence from sites across Southwest Asia and North Africa indicate use of wild grain (e.g., from the ca. 20,000 BC site of Ohalo II in Israel, many Natufian sites in the Levant and from sites along the Nile in the 10th millennium BC). There is even evidence of planned cultivation and trait selection: grains of rye with domestic traits have been recovered from Epi-Palaeolithic (10,000+ BC) contexts at Abu Hureyra in Syria, but this appears to be a localized phenomenon resulting from cultivation of stands of wild rye, rather than a definitive step towards domestication. It isn't until after 9,500 BC that the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on PPNB sites in the Levant, although the consensus is that wheat was the first to be sown and harvested on a significant scale. (Earliest evidence for domesticated wheaBCE
8000 BCE :- (Evidence for cattle herding) The archaeological record for the domestication of wild forms of cattle (Bos primigenius) indicates that the process occurred independently at least twice and perhaps three times. People kept cattle around for easy access to food, including milk, blood, and meat, and for use as load-bearers and plows. The taurine (humpless, B. Taurus) was probably domesticated somewhere in the Fertile Crescent about 8,000 years ago. Taurine cattle were apparently traded across the planet, and appear in archaeological sites of northeastern Asia (China, Mongolia, and Korea) about 5000 years ago. Evidence for domesticated zebu (humped cattle, B. indicus) has been discovered at the site of Mehrgahr, in the Indus Valley of Pakistan, about 7,000 years ago. Scholars are divided about the likelihood of a third domestication event, in Africa. The earliest domesticated cattle in Africa have been found at Capeletti, Algeria, about 6500 BP, but Bos remains are found at African sites in what is now Egypt, such as Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba as long ago as 9,000 years, and they may be domesticated. If these remains were indeed domesticated, then these represent the first event of domesticating cattle.
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Answer : we can said it as AGRICULTURE EVOLUTION OR DEVOLUTION. ... But today we will discuss about what evolution come in this field or is agriculture evolve or not… then the answer is yes definitely agriculture sector is evolve much more then it was in the past.
For most of history, humans have been hunter-gatherers. Adopting a more nomadic lifestyle, we moved with the changing seasons, with livestock migration patterns and adapted as climate change impacted crops and the surrounding environment. Today, we embrace technologies that our ancestors likely could never have dreamed of, but the incorporation of modern capabilities into agricultural practices took time and didn’t entirely abandon early advancements. In other words: our ability to grow and sustain life on a billboard didn’t come to us overnight.
The first true shift in agriculture came nearly 12,000 years ago at the start of the Neolithic Revolution (a.k.a. the Agricultural Revolution), which marked the first instances of a more permanent, settled lifestyle. Humans found a practical, long-term solution for food in the Fertile Crescent, an area located across what is now the Middle East, with ready access to major bodies of water such as the Mediterranean Sea. Humans began cultivating plants, domesticating such crops as wheat, barley, peas, and flax, and livestock, breeding domestic pigs from wild boars, goats from Persian ibex, and the sheep and cows commonly found on today’s farms.
For centuries, very little changed — a settled life with access to high-quality land and domesticated animals didn’t lend itself to transition. Then came the Middle Ages, a period marked by selective cross-breeding of plants and animals for optimal quality and a technique known as ridge and furrow farming, a plowing technique employing oxen (and later, horses) that inspired similar methods used today.
The development of crop rotation, or the growing and harvesting of different crops on the same land during different seasons, in the 16th century drove the modernization of farming practices, but it was the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century that really took humans from the past into the present. With crops that required fewer workers, better soil replenishment and improved livestock care, more people could work in urban industries as a result of agricultural productivity.
The 20th century introduced widespread use of machinery, fertilizer and pesticide technology, which coincided with huge population growth. As a result, food largely became an affordable and accessible commodity in developed countries.
Today, we find ourselves at yet another turning point in which we must balance sustainability and increased food production for the 9.6 billion people expected in the world by 2050. At Bayer, we strive to continually advance agtech innovation to help tackle agricultural challenges such as these. Through digital farming, we’re leveraging improved data collection methods and GPS systems, and other innovative technologies like airborne photosynthesis sensors to drought resistant seeds.
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