write a note on jastice
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Justice is a complex concept and touches almost every aspect of human life. The word Justice has been derived from the Latin word Jungere meaning ‘to bind or to tie together’. The word ‘Jus’ also means ‘Tie’ or ‘Bond’. In this way Justice can be defined as a system in which men are tied or joined in a close relationship. Justice seeks to harmonise different values and to organise upon it all human relations. As such, Justice means bonding or joining or organising people together into a right or fair order of relationships.
Some popular definitions of Justice:
“Justice means to distribute the due share to everybody.” -Salmond
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“Justice protects the rights of the individual as well as the order of society.” -Dr. Raphael
“Justice consists in a system of understandings and a procedure through which each is accorded what is agreed upon as fair.”-C.E. Merriam
In other words, Justice means securing and protecting of rights of all in a fair way. It stands for harmony among all the people, orderly living and securing of rights of all in a just and fair way.
Key Features of Justice:
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1. Justice is related to mutual relationships of persons living in society.
2. Justice is based on values and traditions of society.
3. Justice is related to all aspects of human behaviour in society. Laws are made and courts are set up with this aim in view.
4. Aim of Justice is to provide equal rights, opportunities and facilities to all in a fair way.
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5. The function of Justice is to harmonise individual interests with the interests of society.
6. Justices is a primary value and it is inseparably related to other values like Liberty, Equality and Property.
7. Justice is the principle of balancing or reconciling human relations in society in such a way as enables each one to get his due rights, towards and punishments.
8. Justice has several dimensions: Social Justice, Economic Justice, Political Justice and Legal Justice
Answer:
Justice is one of the most important moral and political concepts. The word comes from the Latin jus, meaning right or law. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the “just” person as one who typically “does what is morally right” and is disposed to “giving everyone his or her due,” offering the word “fair” as a synonym. But philosophers want to get beyond etymology and dictionary definitions to consider, for example, the nature of justice as both a moral virtue of character and a desirable quality of political society, as well as how it applies to ethical and social decision-making. This article will focus on Western philosophical conceptions of justice. These will be the greatest theories of ancient Greece (those of Plato and Aristotle) and of medieval Christianity (Augustine and Aquinas), two early modern ones (Hobbes and Hume), two from more recent modern times (Kant and Mill), and some contemporary ones (Rawls and several successors). Typically the article considers not only their theories of justice but also how philosophers apply their own theories to controversial social issues—for example, to civil disobedience, punishment, equal opportunity for women, slavery, war, property rights, and international relations.
For Plato, justice is a virtue establishing rational order, with each part performing its appropriate role and not interfering with the proper functioning of other parts. Aristotle says justice consists in what is lawful and fair, with fairness involving equitable distributions and the correction of what is inequitable. For Augustine, the cardinal virtue of justice requires that we try to give all people their due; for Aquinas, justice is that rational mean between opposite sorts of injustice, involving proportional distributions and reciprocal transactions. Hobbes believed justice is an artificial virtue, necessary for civil society, a function of the voluntary agreements of the social contract; for Hume, justice essentially serves public utility by protecting property (broadly understood). For Kant, it is a virtue whereby we respect others’ freedom, autonomy, and dignity by not interfering with their voluntary actions, so long as those do not violate others’ rights; Mill said justice is a collective name for the most important social utilities, which are conducive to fostering and protecting human liberty. Rawls analyzed justice in terms of maximum equal liberty regarding basic rights and duties for all members of society, with socio-economic inequalities requiring moral justification in terms of equal opportunity and beneficial results for all; and various post-Rawlsian philosophers develop alternative conceptions.
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