Question

write about 10 names of an organic compound.

Answer 1

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The simplest class of organic compounds is the hydrocarbons, which consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum and natural gas are complex, naturally occurring mixtures of many different hydrocarbons that furnish raw materials for the chemical industry. The four major classes of hydrocarbons are the following: the alkanes, which contain only carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon single bonds; the alkenes, which contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond; the alkynes, which contain at least one carbon–carbon triple bond; and the aromatic hydrocarbons, which usually contain rings of six carbon atoms that can be drawn with alternating single and double bonds. Alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons, whereas hydrocarbons that contain multiple bonds (alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics) are unsaturated.

Alkanes

The simplest alkane is methane (CH4), a colorless, odorless gas that is the major component of natural gas. In larger alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in an unbranched chain (straight-chain alkanes), each carbon atom is bonded to at most two other carbon atoms. The structures of two simple alkanes are shown in Figure 3.7.1, and the names and condensed structural formulas for the first 10 straight-chain alkanes are in Table 3.7.1. The names of all alkanes end in -ane, and their boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms increases.



Figure 3.7.1: Straight-Chain Alkanes with Two and Three Carbon Atoms

Table 3.7.1: The First 10 Straight-Chain AlkanesNameNumber of Carbon AtomsMolecular FormulaCondensed Structural FormulaBoiling Point (°C)Usesmethane1CH4CH4−162natural gas constituentethane2C2H6CH3CH3−89natural gas constituentpropane3C3H8CH3CH2CH3−42bottled gasbutane4C4H10CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH30lighters, bottled gaspentane5C5H12CH3(CH2)3CH336solvent, gasolinehexane6C6H14CH3(CH2)4CH369solvent, gasolineheptane7C7H16CH3(CH2)5CH398solvent, gasolineoctane8C8H18CH3(CH2)6CH3126gasolinenonane9C9H20CH3(CH2)7CH3151gasolinedecane10C10H22CH3(CH2)8CH3174kerosene

Alkanes with four or more carbon atoms can have more than one arrangement of atoms. The carbon atoms can form a single unbranched chain, or the primary chain of carbon atoms can have one or more shorter chains that form branches. For example, butane (C4H10) has two possible structures. Normalbutane (usually called n-butane) is CH3CH2CH2CH3, in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain. In contrast, the condensed structural formula for isobutane is (CH3)2CHCH3, in which the primary chain of three carbon atoms has a one-carbon chain branching at the central carbon. Three-dimensional representations of both structures are as follows:



The systematic names for branched hydrocarbons use the lowest possible number to indicate the position of the branch along the longest straight carbon chain in the structure. Thus the systematic name for isobutane is 2-methylpropane, which indicates that a methyl group (a branch consisting of –CH3) is attached to the second carbon of a propane molecule. Similarly, Section 2.6 "Industrially Important Chemicals" states that one of the major components of gasoline is commonly called isooctane; its structure is as follows:



The compound has a chain of five carbon atoms, so it is a derivative of pentane. There are two methyl group branches at one carbon atom and one methyl group at another. Using the lowest possible numbers for the branches gives 2,2,4-trimethylpentane for the systematic name of this compound.

Alkenes

The simplest alkenes are ethylene, C2H4 or CH2=CH2, and propylene, C3H6 or CH3CH=CH2 (part (a) in Figure 3.7.2). The names of alkenes that have more than three carbon atoms use the same stems as the names of the alkanes (Table 3.7.1 "The First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes") but end in -ene instead of -ane.

As with alkanes, more than one structure is possible for alkenes with four or more carbon atoms. For example, an alkene with four carbon atoms has three possible structures. One is CH2=CHCH2CH3 (1-butene), which has the double bond between the first and second carbon atoms in the chain. The other two structures have the double bond between the second and third carbon atoms and are forms of CH3CH=CHCH3 (2-butene). All four carbon atoms in 2-butene lie in the same plane, so there are two possible structures (part (a) in Figure 3.7.2). If the two methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, the compound is cis-2-butene (from the Latin cis, meaning “on the same side”). If the two methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond, the compound is trans-2-butene (from the Latin trans, meaning “across”). These are distinctly different molecules: cis-2-butene melts at −138.9°C, whereas trans-2-butene melts at −105.5°C.

Answer 2

1-alkane open chain analytics is related hydrocarbon which have no functional group also called paraffin's.
second alkene alkenes are open chain unsaturated hydrocarbon and having carbon carbon double bond called alkynes are olefins
third alkynes unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons containing carbon carbon triple bonds are called alkynes
4_alkeneyne containing both double and triple Bond
5- alkyl halides halogen derivatives of alkanes are called alkyl halides or haloalkanes
6 ether_ these are derived from alkanes by replacing one hydrogen atom by alkoxy group
7 aldehyd-es this compound are obtained by replacing a hydrogen atom attached to the terminal of carbon atom in alkane molecule by replacing aldehydic group.
8-kitones these are obtained by replacing two hydrogen atoms attached to the nun terminal carbon atoms in alkane molecular by a divalent oxygen atom so this functional group is called ketonic group .
9-monocarboxylic acid in which compounds one and hydrogen atoms in alkane molecule is replaced by carboxyl group .
10-acid halides these are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which OH group of carboxylic acid acid has been replaced by
halogen atom
11-acid anhydride these drive from calculated by the removal of water from two molecules of acid
12 ester these are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which OH group of the Galaxy that has been replaced by OR group Where are is alkyl