Question

explain durganand sinha's context of development.

Answer 1

Unlike other social sciences, psychology has for long remained outside the orbit of social change and national development. Because of the very nature of socio-economic development that is taking place in the Third World countries, psychology has a distinct role. Temporal compression and cacophonic nature of changes have caused conditions of instability that have brought to the fore many socio-psychological problems requiring immediate attention. The role of psychology in this context and the factors underlying the limited impact it has made so far have been discussed. Some robust findings in psychology that have obvious implications for policy formulation and action programme are outlined.

Answer 2

Answer:

Durganand Sinha felt that Urie Bronfenbrenner's contextual view was built with a focus on western countries and couldn't properly be expressed in the case of India, a developing country.

Thus, he presented an  ecological model for understanding the  development of children in Indian context in 1977.

Ecology of the child could be viewed in terms  of two concentric layers. The “upper and the more visible layers” consist of home, school, peer groups, and so on.

The most important ecological factors influencing development of the child in the visible upper layer constitute  the:

(i) home, its conditions in terms of overcrowding, space available to each member, toys, technological devices used, etc.,

(ii) nature and quality of schooling, facilities to which the child is exposed, and

(iii) nature of interactions and activities undertaken with  peer groups from childhood onwards.

The “surrounding layers” of the child’s ecology  in terms of their influences are not always clearly visible. The elements of the surrounding layer of ecology constitute the:  

(i) general geographical environment. It includes space and facilities for play and other activities available outside the home including general congestion of the locality and density of population,

(ii) institutional setting provided by caste, class, and other

factors, and

(iii) general amenities available to the child like drinking water, electricity,

means of entertainment and so on.