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Answer:Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. They have been weaponised and sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism.Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. They have been weaponised and sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism.Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. They have been weaponised and sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism.Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. They have been weaponised and sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism.Microorganisms are useful in producing foods, treating waste water, creating biofuels and a wide range of chemicals and enzymes. They are invaluable in research as model organisms. They have been weaponised and sometimes used in warfare and bioterrorism.
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Q1. Microorganisms have already proven that they can function as powerful medicine factories. That's how insulin for diabetics, once acquired with great difficulty from the pancreas of pigs, can now be produced in large quantities by fungi in fermenters. Vaccines are made from microbes that are dead or inactive so that they are unable to cause disease. The antigen in the vaccine is the same as the antigen on the surface of the disease-causing microbe.
Q2. Bacteria, protozoa and fungi act as decomposers. These decomposers break down organic matter present in the bodies of dead plants and animals into simple substances and mix them in the soil. A plant growing in this soil absorbs the nutrients and passes them to the animals that consume the plant products.
Q3. Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, are illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host.Some examples of the communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses.
Q4. Preservatives are added to foods to help prevent or slow spoilage due to bacteria, molds, fungi or yeast, as well as to slow or prevent changes in the food's color, flavor or texture, delay rancidity, and maintain freshness.Some common food preservatives are : (i) Salt: Common salt is used to preserve meat, fish, amla, raw mangoes and tamarind etc. (ii) Sugar : Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar. (iii)Vinegar: It is used to preserve fruits, vegetables, fish, meat and pickles.
- Q5. Chilling.
- Freezing.
- Sugaring.
- Salting.
- Canning.
Q6. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a pandemic as a disease outbreak that has spread across multiple countries and continents and usually impacts many people. The classification of “pandemic” comes when a disease affects the global population.Example:COVID-19.
Q7. Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay and putrefaction.
Q8. Leavened bread is softer due to the action of yeast, which is a fungus. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contributes both to the texture and flavour of bread. A dough is made by mixing yeast with flour, salt and water. The yeast ferments sugars in the mixture to make alcohol and bubbles of carbon dioxide.
Q9. When a mosquito infects you with a viral disease such as Zika or dengue, it does more than just deliver a few virus particles under your skin. The saliva it injects also causes an inflammation that helps the virus multiply and quickly spread to other parts of your body, according to a new study.
Q10. In 1928, at St. Mary's Hospital, London, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. This discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection. Abraham, successfully took penicillin from the laboratory to the clinic as a medical treatment in 1941.
Q11. Microbial spoilage is caused by microorganisms like fungi (moulds, yeasts) and bacteria. They spoil food by growing in it and producing substances that change the colour, texture and odour of the food. Eventually the food will be unfit for human consumption.
Q12. Fungi are used in agriculture to enhance the fertility of the soil. Algae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can synthesise their own food.Algae are used as food as they are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and few other inorganic substances. Spirogyra is the chief source of food.
Q13. Because in refrigerator the temperature is very cold and microbes need wet areas. They don't grow on food kept inside a refrigerator because the low temperature reduces the humidity and this causes the food to stay safe.
Q14. Food poisoning, also called food borne illness, is illness caused by eating contaminated food.Salt is mixed with food in order to prevent biodegradation under normal conditions. Treatment with salt for preservation purposes is called curing. For example, fish, pickles etc are preserved using salting.
Q15. A pathogen is usually defined as a microorganism that causes, or can cause, disease. We have defined a pathogen as a microbe that can cause damage in a host.Disease causing microorganisms are called pathogens. Other name for them is germs. They gain entry in the body of living organism through air,food and water, direct contact with infected person, through insects, and by cuts and wounds.