india after independence introduction
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India became anIndependent nation at the stroke of mid-night on the 15th of august, 1947.India faced many challenges after it gained independence. The partition ofIndia created a lot of problems.
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After a long and difficult freedom struggle, India attained her independence from British rule in 1947. But this independence came with the partition of the country. A new state of Pakistan was created with portions of Western and Eastern India, taken away from the Indian map.
Partition created a number of problems for independent India.
First and foremost task was to rehabilitate the refugees who had come into the country from the newly born Pakistan.
There was the problem of the princely states, almost 500 of them, each ruled by a maharaja or a nawab, each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.
The population of India in 1947 was about 345 million and a lot of diversities in the country regarding language, foods, dresses, profession etc. There was a wide gap between high castes and low castes. In spite of all these diversities, people had to live together in one nation state. This created a problem of unity.
A written constitution was essential for the country. For this a series of meeting on the country’s political future was held. As a result, the Indian Constitution came into being on 26th January 1950.
The constitution adopted Universal Adult Franchise. All Indians above the age of 21 would be would be allowed to vote in state and national elections. Later it was reduced to 18 years.
In order to maintain balance between the central government and that of the state government, the constitution provided three lists of subjects - a ‘Union List’, with subjects such as taxes, defence and foreign affairs, which would be sole responsibility of the Centre government , a ‘State List’ with subjects such as education and health, which would be taken care of mainly by the states, a ‘Concurrent List’ under which would come subjects such as forests and agriculture, in which both the centre and state would have joint responsibility.