Question

Name the pastoralists communities of India who lost their livelihoods with the coming of the British

Answer 1

Dhangars of Maharashtra and Raikas of Rajasthan, Gaddi shepherd of Himachal Pradesh, and Gujjars Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir

EXPLANATION:

• From the middle of 19th century the British introduced several laws that had impacted the lives of the pastoralists. Wasteland rules were enforced in different parts of the nation and according to the rules lands that were not cultivated were taken over and given to preferred individuals.
• Forests acts were introduced which was legislated to safeguard and protect forests for sal, deodar and timber that were of commercial importance. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter many areas in the forests which provided fodder for their cattle, and even in the areas that they were allowed their movement was controlled.
• The pastoralists were given permits to come into and go out of the forests. These permits monitored and specified the periods of their entry into and exit from the forests wherein they were legally allowed to stay in the forests and if the exceeded the time given, the pastoralists were made to pay heavy fines.
• In the years 1871, the Criminal Tribes Act was enacted wherein pastoralists, along with the traders and craftsmen communities were categorized as criminal tribes by nature and birth, and as such, these communities were forced to live only in notified village settlements. To raise their revenues, the British imposed different forms of taxation such as tax on canal water, land, salt, trade goods and also animals (grazing tax)

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Answer 2

The following  pastoral communities lost their livelihoods with the coming of the British :

Korava and Karacha Communities of Madras,

The Gaddi sheperds of Himachal Pradesh,

The Dhangaras of Maharashtra,

The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu Kashmir, and

The Raikas of Rajasthan.

Explanation:

• The British always hated the pastoralists. The British called the Pastoralists, criminal tribes, uncivilized and wild.
• The British wanted to use the forests to their best interests i.e. to make money.
• The British wanted the Pastoralists to become settled and work for the British. Hence they placed strict measures to restrict the free movement of Pastoralists, categorised the forests into ‘reserved’ and ‘protected’ forests.
• The Pastoralists were not allowed into the protected forests.
• They had to graze their animals only in the Reserved Forests, but they had to pay a high entry fee. They were constantly harassed by the Forest officials for bribes.
• All these hardships made them lose their livelihood and forced them to change their occuapation.

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