what is refraction of atmosphere with example
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As atmosphere have different layer which are denser and rarer.
Because of which, the rays of light coming from a star are refracted to different degrees at different moments of time, and the path of refracted rays keep changing therefore stars appear to twinkle.
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Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. Astronomical or celestial refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher above the horizon than they actually are.
Some examples are
Examples of atmospheric refraction:
1. Twinkling of stars:
Stars twinkle on account of atmospheric refraction. Starlight undergoes refraction many times before reaching the earth. It occurs because there is a gradual increase in the refractive index from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface.
Thus, the apparent position of the star is different from the actual position. Also, this position keeps on changing because the physical conditions of the atmosphere are not stationary.
Planets do not seem to twinkle as they are relatively closer objects and are thus seen as extended objects.
2. Advanced sunrise and sunset:
The Sun appears to rise 2 minutes earlier and set 2 minutes later due to atmospheric refraction.
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